■ Trade and migration policy instruments need to be better coordinated in order to reduce contradictions between them and dispel legitimate fears about uncontrolled immigration. Beyond the narrow economic interest in trade in services, there is another important reason for integrating labour immigration into trade negotiations: extending the scope of the negotiations facilitates the achievement of a result, as interests can be balanced on a broader theme. If a party – say the EU – accepts a trading partner`s request to grant market access to service providers, it improves its own chances of obtaining concessions in other areas such as market access for goods or the protection of intellectual property. For example, in the failure of the WTO Doha Round, the issue of Mode 4 was a major problem for India, which wanted the United States to grant an additional 250,000 visas.45 Although the poorest countries, in particular, have a great interest in exporting services to natural persons, Mode 4 plays only a marginal role in global trade in services, with less than 5%. Fashion 3, trade presence in the context of foreign direct investment, accounts for 55 to 60 percent.48 These trade statistics reflect the power imbalance between developed and developing countries. The services traded are generally those exported mainly by industrialized countries, which have a highly skilled workforce and capital seeking investment opportunities. In addition, the option of temporary migration under Fashion 4 is often granted only in the context of the opening of the economy by the trading partner to external investment; Many of the concessions apply to the movement of employees within companies. Clearly, poorer countries cannot use these opportunities without significant investment abroad.49 In addition, the indeterminacy of the terms used for fashion 4 (trade visitors, senior managers) offers greater room for divergent national interpretation than in other modes. Migrants from the West African state of Burkina Faso emigrate to work in agriculture and forestry in Gabon.

According to UNCTAD, this type of labour immigration into export sectors is often linked to the use of unqualified child labour in agriculture, domestic service and the informal sector. This also applies to migration from Burkina Faso, from where children mainly travel to Côte d`Ivoire to work in the cocoa sector. .